فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 48، زمستان 1400)

Agriculture is one of the most active sectors of the economy in all countries. It plays a pivotal role in improving food security of the growing population. To achieve food security, it is not enough to cultivate food products within the national borders, and importing agricultural inputs and products is also essential. It is necessary to examine the imported foods and agricultural products in terms of different risk factors (such as pathogens, transgenic plants, herbicide residues, pesticide residues, heavy metals, and, in general, agroterrorism and bioterrorism). Through this, the country and the people are saved from the threats of consuming contaminated food. Hence, in this research we attempt to introduce helpful efficient strategies in this field. To this end, a questionnaire is administered among the experts in the fields of agriculture and health to examine the risk factors and based on the results, efficient tools and technologies to deal with the risk factors in agricultural products are introduced. In addition, the strength, weakness, threats, and opportunities in strategic agricultural products import cycle are highlighted through consulting public and private bodies in charge. The collected data are analyzed using a SWOT matrix. This study showed that concluding perfect legal contracts, evaluating the health certification of imported products, and equipping the customs laboratories with technologies such as PCR and HPLC are helpful to deal with the risks of health-threatening factors in imported agricultural products for human and animal consumptions. Finally, the necessary strategies to deal with the risk of health-threatening factors are identified

By generating electromagnetic pulses with short bandwidths, low energy and very high power, and transmitting them to electronic and telecommunication equipment, the equipment may be temporarily or permanently damaged or disrupted.  The mentioned risk will be largely eliminated if your equipment is properly protected against these powerful transient fields. Plasma is one of the ways to protect against threats, especially for the equipment such as radars and antennas because these devices cannot be protected by other methods. When EMP is propagated in the plasma barrier, the charged particles in the plasma are accelerated by the electricity, and the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic wave can change the state of the plasma. The interaction between the EMP and the plasma layer results in a protection against the EMP. In this study, with a passive defense approach, 31 main strategies are extracted for the realization of the main goal which is the ability to use plasma against the threats of electromagnetic weapons. The acquisition of strategies is essential to achieve the five principles of passive defense, which include increasing deterrence, reducing vulnerability, continuing essential activities, national sustainability, and crisis management. The SWOT matrix solution method is used to analyze the internal and external factors (14 strengths, 21 weaknesses, 9 opportunities, and 12 threats) with these factors being assessed through a questionnaire filled by 16 experts in the field of plasma and electromagnetism. The integration of validated factors, leads to the extraction of aggressive strategies (SO), directional change strategies (ST), competitive strategies (WO), and defensive strategies (WT) whose validations are confirmed by the second questionnaire. The second questionnaire is completed electronically by 31 people. Cronbach's alpha of 0.901 and 0.961 (calculated by SPSS software) for the first and second questionnaires, respectively, indicate their reliability

Security is one of the most important issues that is mentioned a lot in the Qur'an and hadiths and is also one of the most important, complex and new concepts in today's world; As it has been discussed in many political, social, economic, etc. issues and has been one of the most basic goals and special work of all political systems in all ages and human eras. Infrastructure plays a crucial role in the safe process of a society and maintaining their security against attacks and threats is one of the security priorities of any country. Accordingly, recognizing the current situation and prioritizing potential threats and determining the levels of gravity centers of urban infrastructure with a passive defense approach can lead to the development of strategies related to the field of passive defense as an effective solution. In this regard, the present article, using a descriptive-analytical method, after collecting the required data and information, first prioritizes potential threats and then evaluates the location of Semnan city infrastructure in vulnerable areas with a passive defense approach. The threats of Semnan city were prioritized in three areas: hard, semi-hard and soft. The criteria and indicators used in it included "damage intensity", "enemy ability" and "target attractiveness". The study of the evaluation of these threats in the city of Semnan shows; Semi-hard threats with an average of 19.4 are in the first rank, soft threats with an average of 13.5 in the second rank and hard threats with an average of 11.6 in the next rank. The results of evaluating the location of sensitive and important infrastructures in Semnan in vulnerable areas show that about 50.69% of sensitive infrastructures, about 34.08% of important infrastructures and 15.23% of protected infrastructures in Semnan are in very vulnerable zones.

In this study, the aim is to apply the concept of passive defense to manage the road transport network using the experiences of the sacred defense (1359-1368). The research method is library and survey, and the framework of strategic analysis tools is used. To achieve the goal, first, the road transport network and its components are surveyed, and sufficient information is gathered to achieve awareness of the existing threats to various parts. Different threats to the transportation network are identified based on the sacred defense experiences and used in multiple strategies. Then, by spatial analysis of the network threat potential and using the method of strategic analysis tools, its various aspects and general condition are evaluated. The opinions of 15 experts are used to weigh the matrices. Then some strategies are presented and prioritized based on different aspects of this system with a passive defense approach, for planning a sustainable road transport network. The results show that internal factors scored 1.77 and external factors scored 2.62, hence based on the position evaluation matrix and strategic action, the position of the transportation system is evaluated as conservative. Also, based on the prioritization of strategies with the quantitative matrix method of strategic planning, the first strategy (cooperation and joint program-executions with policy-making and executive organizations in the field of passive defense) with a weight of 4.56 and the second strategy (budgeting for project development and passive defense plans in road transport) with a weight of 4.43 are the most important strategies.

Amongst the most important issues ensuring the safety and security of citizens and reducing the crisis in cities, are practical and multi-purpose plans in which passive defense considerations and principles are observed. These plans reduce the severity and extent of damage and loss due to hazards. Forest parks are the type of urban recreation areas that with proper planning, provide space for recreation, cultural and educational activities, to meet the psychological needs and peace of society in normal conditions, and offer suitable space for temporary housing, warehousing, relief operations, and sustainable security in the time of emergencies and crisis. In this research, an attempt has been made to design forest parks in accordance with the objectives of passive defense, using plants and natural features and artificial elements, with the possibility of housing in emergency conditions. The purpose of this design is to utilize the urban green space and use the relief and housing plan in emergency situations to increase the ability to use green space in times of crisis and use places for safe keeping and storage of food and rescue equipment. This research is applied research in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and library studies, field observation and objective have been used to collect information. After conducting studies and investigating the factors effective in location assignment, and also implementing the colonial competitive algorithm in Matlab software, the Pasdaran district is identified as the most suitable location and marked on the google map software. Applying the results of the research and taking into account the general and defensive requirements, a park is designed using AUTOCAD software.

The term of passive defense refers to a set of unarmed actions that increase deterrence, reduce vulnerability, guarantee the continual of essential activities, promote national stability and facilitate crisis management in the face of enemy threats and military actions. The electrical power grid is an infrastructure, vital for the country and any disruptions in the grid, affects other infrastructures of the country. In such circumstances, many problems emerge which have significant effects on different sections of society and cause serious challenges to the administration of the country. Hence in this article, first the factors affecting power blackouts around the world are analyzed, then regarding the causes of blackouts, the threats and vulnerabilities of the national power grid are identified and appropriate solutions are provided to reduce the vulnerabilities and to improve the stability of the national power grid. In order to implement the principles of passive defense against blackouts, these solutions are proposed with consideration of the main principles of passive defense. Finally, the strategies of passive defense required for enhancing the national power grid security are determined based on the proposed solutions. The result of these strategies is the continuity of electricity supply for the society and the proliferation of national resilience against threats and dangers.

In all crises, the metropolitan hospitals have an important role in relief operations and hence are liable to threats. This fact has made it essential to provide the critical hospital equipment and necessary training of personnel. Many studies have addressed this issue and many regulations have been extracted, but no comprehensive strategic investigation has yet been performed on hospital preparation in crisis. The purpose of this study is strategic planning to secure hospitals in metropolises with the passive defense approach. In this study, by combining quantitative (survey) and descriptive-analytical methods, after reviewing the upstream documents and defining the desired mission and vision, the internal and external environment of the metropolitan hospitals and the most important internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) have been identified and analyzed by the SWOT model. The identification is obtained through library reviews and interviews with experts. At this stage, identifying threats is an important part of the study of the environmental factors which affect other factors. Then, these factors are prioritized by the community of experts, and based on the importance and priority of environmental factors, 38 strategies in defense, security, political, economic, social, technical, legal, and environmental fields are formulated. Finally, these strategies are prioritized by the QSPM questionnaire.

Cities always face the possibility of abnormal situations and encounter problems when the normal conditions change. Man-made hazards and natural disasters can lead to crises. Nowadays, the management of man-made crises is intertwined with the issues of passive defense and resilience, and provides an effective approach to reduce problems in hard times. Physical factors play a crucial role in crisis management. Ahvaz is one of the strategic cities of Iran, which has always been at risk due to its geographical location, natural resources, and industries. This study aims primarily to identify the physically risk-prone zones of Ahvaz and provide appropriate strategies to increase urban resilience. Based on the intensive method, this research has used a combination of descriptive, documentary, developmental, and analytical methods with a theoretical-applied nature, to express the quantity and quality of components related to the principles and criteria of passive defense regarding the resilience of Ahvaz city. The physical risk-proneness of Ahvaz is evaluated considering some criteria such as the urban cores, the age of ancient neighborhoods, the building density, the patterns of neighboring land uses, the network of passages and strategic areas. For this purpose, 14 indices were prepared according to the mentioned criteria with the lowest risk priority. The indices were weighted by Super Decisions software, then mapped in the ArcGIS environment. The results show that except for some small areas in the west, northwest and southwest regions, other areas are at high risk and require more attention to achieve the desired standards in the field of resilience and passive defense.

The issue of explosion is one of the new issues that cause different events or intentional events and the behavior of structural members under the load of explosion has been the subject of many research projects in recent years. Since it is not possible to perform experimental experiments on a real dam and it is not a reasonable practice, and considering that today a reliable solution by computer and the development of finite element method has made it possible to model these problems, so the problem of underwater explosion and Its effect on the arched concrete dam can be modeled with this method, which leads to reliable results. The study also showed an arched dam with a height of 141.73 meters and a width of 184 meters and a central angle of 133 degrees and a thickness of about 3.66 meters in the crown. And creates an explosion wave. After performing the accuracy and reliability of the explosion by SPH method, the weight of TNT was analyzed for 500 and 1000 kg in the tank and outside the tank. The effect of explosive amount on the horizontal displacement of the dam crown is significant and with increasing the weight of TNT From 100 to 500 and 1000 kg, 20 and 100% increase in displacement were observed, respectively. The results also showed that with increasing the amount of explosive, the amount of energy consumed by the fluid also increases. Explosion inside the tank due to creating a wave in the fluid and propagation in the direction of hydrostatic pressure causes absolute pressure and more displacement.